| Literature References | 1. APPLEBURY, M.L. AND HARGRAVE, P.A.
Molecular biology of the visual pigments.
VISION RES. 26(12) 1881-1895 (1986).
2. FRYXELL, K.J. AND MEYEROWITZ, E.M.
The evolution of rhodopsins and neurotransmitter receptors.
J.MOL.EVOL. 33(4) 367-378 (1991).
3. ATTWOOD, T.K. AND FINDLAY, J.B.C.
Design of a discriminating fingerprint for G protein-coupled receptors.
PROTEIN ENG. 6(2) 167-176 (1993).
4. ATTWOOD, T.K. AND FINDLAY, J.B.C.
Fingerprinting G protein-coupled receptors.
PROTEIN ENG. 7(2) 195-203 (1994).
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| Documentation | Visual pigments are the light-absorbing molecules that mediate vision [1,2].
They comprise an apoprotein (opsin), covalently linked to the chromophore
cis-retinal. Vision is effected through the absorption of a photon by the
chromophore, which is isomerised to the all-trans form, promoting a
conformational change in the protein.
Opsins are integral membrane proteins that belong to a superfamily of G-
protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). The activating ligands of the different
superfamily members vary widely in structure and character, yet the proteins
appear faithfully to have conserved a basic structural framework, believed
to consist of 7 transmembrane (TM) helices. Although the sequences of these
proteins are very diverse, reflecting to some extent this broad range of
activating ligands, nevertheless, motifs have been identified in the TM
regions that are characteristic of virtually the entire superfamily [3,4].
Amongst the exceptions are the olfactory receptors, which cluster together
in a subfamily, which lacks significant matches with domains 2, 4 and 6.
Interestingly, the opsins also seem to be emerging as increasingly atypical
of the superfamily, clustering most strongly, in phylogenetic analyses, with
the olfactory receptors [4].
OPSIN is a 3-element fingerprint that provides a signature for the opsin
family of GPCRs. The fingerprint was derived from an initial alignment of
13 sequences: the motifs encode regions generally well-conserved within the
opsins but less well-conserved in the superfamily - motif 1 spans the
first cytoplasmic loop; motif 2 lies in the second external loop; and
motif 3 spans part of the third external loop leading into TM domain 7.
Two iterations on OWL22.0 were required to reach convergence, at which
point a true set comprising 52 sequences was identified.
An update on SPTR37_9f identified a true set of 123 sequences, and 7
partial matches.
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| Sequence Titles | O35476 GREEN OPSIN (GREEN-SENSITIVE OPSIN) - RATTUS NORVEGICUS (RAT).
O46554 BLUE OPSIN - CEBUS OLIVACEUS (WEEPER CAPUCHIN MONKEY).
O57422 MELANOPSIN - XENOPUS LAEVIS (AFRICAN CLAWED FROG).
O57605 UV-SENSITIVE CONE OPSIN - MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS (BUDGERIGAR).
O61473 SHORT WAVELENGTH-SENSITIVE OPSIN - CATAGLYPHIS BOMBYCINA (SAHARAN SILVER ANT).
O61474 SHORT WAVELENGTH-SENSITIVE OPSIN - CAMPONOTUS ABDOMINALIS (CARPENTER ANT).
O62860 COLOR VISION OPSIN - OTOLEMUR GARNETTI, AND GALAGO SENEGALENSIS (NORTHERN LESSER BUSHBABY).
O70363 BLUE CONE OPSIN PIGMENT - RATTUS NORVEGICUS (RAT).
O76123 OPSIN - PAPILIO XUTHUS.
O76124 OPSIN - PAPILIO XUTHUS.
O76125 OPSIN - PAPILIO XUTHUS.
O93441 OPSIN - GALEUS MELASTOMUS.
O93459 OPSIN - SCYLIORHINUS CANICULA (SPOTTED DOGFISH) (SPOTTED CATSHARK).
OPS1_CALVI Opsin Rh1 (Outer R1-R6 photoreceptor cells opsin) - Calliphora vicina (Blue blowfly) (Calliphora erythrocephala).
OPS1_DROME Opsin Rh1 (Outer R1-R6 photoreceptor cells opsin) (Neither inactivation nor afterpotential E protein) - Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly).
OPS1_DROPS Opsin Rh1 (Outer R1-R6 photoreceptor cells opsin) - Drosophila pseudoobscura (Fruit fly).
OPS1_LIMPO LATERAL EYE OPSIN - LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS (ATLANTIC HORSESHOE CRAB).
OPS1_PATYE RHODOPSIN, GQ-COUPLED - PATINOPECTEN YESSOENSIS (EZO GIANT SCALLOP) (YESSO SCALLOP).
OPS1_SCHGR Opsin-1 - Schistocerca gregaria (Desert locust).
OPS2_DROME Opsin Rh2 (Ocellar opsin) - Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly).
OPS2_DROPS Opsin Rh2 (Ocellar opsin) - Drosophila pseudoobscura (Fruit fly).
OPS2_HEMSA COMPOUND EYE OPSIN BCRH2 - HEMIGRAPSUS SANGUINEUS (CRAB).
OPS2_LIMPO OCELLAR OPSIN - LIMULUS POLYPHEMUS (ATLANTIC HORSESHOE CRAB).
OPS2_SCHGR Opsin-2 - Schistocerca gregaria (Desert locust).
OPS3_DROME Opsin Rh3 (Inner R7 photoreceptor cells opsin) - Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly).
OPS3_DROPS Opsin Rh3 (Inner R7 photoreceptor cells opsin) - Drosophila pseudoobscura (Fruit fly).
OPS4_DROME Opsin Rh4 (Inner R7 photoreceptor cells opsin) - Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly).
OPS4_DROPS Opsin Rh4 (Inner R7 photoreceptor cells opsin) - Drosophila pseudoobscura (Fruit fly).
OPS4_DROVI Opsin Rh4 (Inner R7 photoreceptor cells opsin) - Drosophila virilis (Fruit fly).
OPS6_DROME Opsin Rh6 (Rhodopsin Rh6, long-wavelength) - Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly).
OPSB_ANOCA Blue-sensitive opsin (Blue photoreceptor pigment) (RH2 opsin) - Anolis carolinensis (Green anole) (American chameleon).
OPSB_APIME Opsin, blue-sensitive (AMBLOP) - Apis mellifera (Honeybee).
OPSB_ASTFA Blue-sensitive opsin (Blue cone photoreceptor pigment) - Astyanax fasciatus (Blind cave fish) (Astyanax mexicanus).
OPSB_BOVIN Blue-sensitive opsin (BOP) (Blue cone photoreceptor pigment) - Bos taurus (Bovine).
OPSB_CARAU Blue-sensitive opsin (Blue cone photoreceptor pigment) - Carassius auratus (Goldfish).
OPSB_CHICK Blue-sensitive opsin (Blue cone photoreceptor pigment) - Gallus gallus (Chicken).
OPSB_CONCO Blue-sensitive opsin (Blue cone photoreceptor pigment) - Conger conger (Conger eel).
OPSB_GECGE Blue-sensitive opsin P467 (Blue photoreceptor pigment) - Gecko gecko (Tokay gecko).
OPSB_HUMAN Blue-sensitive opsin (BOP) (Blue cone photoreceptor pigment) - Homo sapiens (Human).
OPSB_MOUSE Blue-sensitive opsin (BOP) (Blue cone photoreceptor pigment) (Short wavelength-sensitive cone opsin) (S opsin) - Mus musculus (Mouse).
OPSB_ORYLA Blue-sensitive opsin (Blue cone photoreceptor pigment) (KFH-B) - Oryzias latipes (Medaka fish) (Japanese ricefish).
OPSB_RAT Blue-sensitive opsin (BOP) (Blue cone photoreceptor pigment) (Short wavelength-sensitive cone opsin) (S opsin) - Rattus norvegicus (Rat).
OPSB_SAIBB Blue-sensitive opsin (BOP) (Blue cone photoreceptor pigment) - Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis (Bolivian squirrel monkey).
OPSD_ALLMI Rhodopsin - Alligator mississippiensis (American alligator).
OPSD_AMBTI Rhodopsin - Ambystoma tigrinum (Tiger salamander).
OPSD_ANGAN RHODOPSIN, DEEP-SEA FORM - ANGUILLA ANGUILLA (EUROPEAN FRESHWATER EEL).
OPSD_ANOCA Rhodopsin - Anolis carolinensis (Green anole) (American chameleon).
OPSD_APIME Rhodopsin, long-wavelength (Opsin, green-sensitive) - Apis mellifera (Honeybee).
OPSD_ASTFA Rhodopsin - Astyanax fasciatus (Blind cave fish) (Astyanax mexicanus).
OPSD_BOVIN Rhodopsin - Bos taurus (Bovine).
OPSD_BUFBU Rhodopsin - Bufo bufo (European toad).
OPSD_BUFMA Rhodopsin - Bufo marinus (Giant toad) (Cane toad).
OPSD_CAMAB Rhodopsin - Camponotus abdominalis (Carpenter ant).
OPSD_CANFA Rhodopsin - Canis familiaris (Dog).
OPSD_CARAU Rhodopsin - Carassius auratus (Goldfish).
OPSD_CATBO Rhodopsin - Cataglyphis bombycina (Saharan silver ant).
OPSD_CHICK Rhodopsin - Gallus gallus (Chicken).
OPSD_CRIGR Rhodopsin - Cricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster).
OPSD_CYPCA Rhodopsin - Cyprinus carpio (Common carp).
OPSD_DELDE Rhodopsin - Delphinus delphis (Saddleback dolphin) (Black sea dolphin).
OPSD_GAMAF Rhodopsin - Gambusia affinis (Western mosquitofish).
OPSD_GLOME Rhodopsin - Globicephala melaena (Long-finned pilot whale) (Globicephala melas).
OPSD_HUMAN Rhodopsin (Opsin-2) - Homo sapiens (Human).
OPSD_LAMJA Rhodopsin - Lampetra japonica (Japanese lamprey) (Entosphenus japonicus).
OPSD_LOLFO Rhodopsin - Loligo forbesi (Northern European squid).
OPSD_MACFA Rhodopsin - Macaca fascicularis (Crab eating macaque) (Cynomolgus monkey).
OPSD_MESBI Rhodopsin - Mesoplodon bidens (Sowerby's beaked whale).
OPSD_MOUSE Rhodopsin - Mus musculus (Mouse).
OPSD_NEOSA Rhodopsin - Neoniphon sammara (Spotfin squirrelfish).
OPSD_OCTDO Rhodopsin - Octopus dofleini (Giant octopus).
OPSD_ORYLA Rhodopsin (KFH-RH) - Oryzias latipes (Medaka fish) (Japanese ricefish).
OPSD_PETMA Rhodopsin - Petromyzon marinus (Sea lamprey).
OPSD_PHOGR Rhodopsin - Phoca groenlandica (Harp seal) (Pagophilus groenlandicus).
OPSD_PHOVI Rhodopsin - Phoca vitulina (Harbor seal).
OPSD_PIG Rhodopsin - Sus scrofa (Pig).
OPSD_POERE Rhodopsin - Poecilia reticulata (Guppy).
OPSD_POMMI Rhodopsin - Pomatoschistus minutus (Sand goby).
OPSD_PROCL Rhodopsin - Procambarus clarkii (Red swamp crayfish).
OPSD_RABIT Rhodopsin - Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit).
OPSD_RAJER Rhodopsin - Raja erinacea (Little skate).
OPSD_RANCA Rhodopsin - Rana catesbeiana (Bull frog).
OPSD_RANPI Rhodopsin - Rana pipiens (Northern leopard frog).
OPSD_RANTE Rhodopsin - Rana temporaria (European common frog).
OPSD_RAT Rhodopsin - Rattus norvegicus (Rat).
OPSD_SARDI Rhodopsin - Sargocentron diadema (Crown squirrelfish).
OPSD_SEPOF Rhodopsin - Sepia officinalis (Common cuttlefish).
OPSD_SHEEP Rhodopsin - Ovis aries (Sheep).
OPSD_SPHSP Rhodopsin (Opsin) - Sphodromantis sp. (Mantis).
OPSD_TODPA Rhodopsin - Todarodes pacificus (Japanese flying squid).
OPSD_TRIMA Rhodopsin - Trichechus manatus (Caribbean manatee) (West Indian manatee).
OPSD_TURTR Rhodopsin - Tursiops truncatus (Atlantic bottle-nosed dolphin).
OPSD_XENLA Rhodopsin - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog).
OPSD_ZEUFA Rhodopsin - Zeus faber (John Dory).
OPSF_ANGAN RHODOPSIN, FRESHWATER FORM - ANGUILLA ANGUILLA (EUROPEAN FRESHWATER EEL).
OPSG_ASTFA GREEN-SENSITIVE OPSIN 1 (GREEN CONE PHOTORECEPTOR PIGMENT) - ASTYANAX FASCIATUS (BLIND CAVE FISH) (ASTYANAX MEXICANUS).
OPSG_CARAU GREEN-SENSITIVE OPSIN 1 (GREEN CONE PHOTORECEPTOR PIGMENT) - CARASSIUS AURATUS (GOLDFISH).
OPSG_CHICK Green-sensitive opsin (Green cone photoreceptor pigment) - Gallus gallus (Chicken).
OPSG_GECGE Green-sensitive opsin P521 (Green photoreceptor pigment) - Gecko gecko (Tokay gecko).
OPSG_HUMAN Green-sensitive opsin (Green cone photoreceptor pigment) - Homo sapiens (Human).
OPSG_MOUSE Green-sensitive opsin (Green cone photoreceptor pigment) (Medium wavelength-sensitive cone opsin) (M opsin) - Mus musculus (Mouse).
OPSG_ORYLA Green-sensitive opsin (Green cone photoreceptor pigment) (KFH-G) - Oryzias latipes (Medaka fish) (Japanese ricefish).
OPSG_RABIT Green-sensitive opsin (Green cone photoreceptor pigment) (Medium wavelength-sensitive cone opsin) - Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit).
OPSH_ASTFA GREEN-SENSITIVE OPSIN 2 (GREEN CONE PHOTORECEPTOR PIGMENT) - ASTYANAX FASCIATUS (BLIND CAVE FISH) (ASTYANAX MEXICANUS).
OPSH_CARAU GREEN-SENSITIVE OPSIN 2 (GREEN CONE PHOTORECEPTOR PIGMENT) - CARASSIUS AURATUS (GOLDFISH).
OPSI_ASTFA GREEN-SENSITIVE OPSIN 3 (GREEN CONE PHOTORECEPTOR PIGMENT) - ASTYANAX FASCIATUS (BLIND CAVE FISH) (ASTYANAX MEXICANUS).
OPSP_CHICK Pinopsin (Pineal opsin) (P-opsin) (Pineal gland-specific opsin) - Gallus gallus (Chicken).
OPSP_COLLI Pinopsin (Pineal opsin) (P-opsin) (Pineal gland-specific opsin) - Columba livia (Domestic pigeon).
OPSP_ICTPU Parapinopsin - Ictalurus punctatus (Channel catfish).
OPSR_ANOCA Red-sensitive opsin (Red cone photoreceptor pigment) - Anolis carolinensis (Green anole) (American chameleon).
OPSR_ASTFA Red-sensitive opsin (Red cone photoreceptor pigment) - Astyanax fasciatus (Blind cave fish) (Astyanax mexicanus).
OPSR_CAPHI Red-sensitive opsin (Red cone photoreceptor pigment) - Capra hircus (Goat).
OPSR_CARAU Red-sensitive opsin (Red cone photoreceptor pigment) - Carassius auratus (Goldfish).
OPSR_CHICK Red-sensitive opsin (Red cone photoreceptor pigment) (Iodopsin) - Gallus gallus (Chicken).
OPSR_HUMAN Red-sensitive opsin (Red cone photoreceptor pigment) - Homo sapiens (Human).
OPSR_ORYLA Red-sensitive opsin (Red cone photoreceptor pigment) (KFH-R) - Oryzias latipes (Medaka fish) (Japanese ricefish).
OPSR_XENLA Red-sensitive opsin (Red cone photoreceptor pigment) - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog).
OPSU_BRARE ULTRAVIOLET-SENSITIVE OPSIN (ULTRAVIOLET CONE PHOTORECEPTOR PIGMENT) (ZFO2) - BRACHYDANIO RERIO (ZEBRAFISH) (ZEBRA DANIO).
OPSU_CARAU ULTRAVIOLET-SENSITIVE OPSIN (ULTRAVIOLET CONE PHOTORECEPTOR PIGMENT) - CARASSIUS AURATUS (GOLDFISH).
OPSV_APIME OPSIN, ULTRAVIOLET-SENSITIVE (AMUVOP) (BUVOPS) - APIS MELLIFERA (HONEYBEE).
OPSV_CHICK Violet-sensitive opsin (Violet cone photoreceptor pigment) (Violet cone opsin) - Gallus gallus (Chicken).
OPSV_ORYLA Putative violet-sensitive opsin (Violet cone photoreceptor pigment) (KFH-V) - Oryzias latipes (Medaka fish) (Japanese ricefish).
OPSV_XENLA Violet-sensitive opsin (Violet cone photoreceptor pigment) (Violet cone opsin) - Xenopus laevis (African clawed frog).
Q90226 GREEN OPSIN - ASTYANAX FASCIATUS (BLIND CAVE FISH) (ASTYANAX MEXICANUS).
OPS1_HEMSA COMPOUND EYE OPSIN BCRH1 - HEMIGRAPSUS SANGUINEUS (CRAB).
OPS2_PATYE RHODOPSIN, G0-COUPLED - PATINOPECTEN YESSOENSIS (EZO GIANT SCALLOP) (YESSO SCALLOP).
OPS5_DROME Opsin Rh5 - Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit fly).
OPSO_SALSA Vertebrate ancient opsin - Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon).
OPSP_PETMA Pineal opsin (P-opsin) (Pineal gland-specific opsin) - Petromyzon marinus (Sea lamprey).
OPSX_HUMAN Visual pigment-like receptor peropsin - Homo sapiens (Human).
OPSX_MOUSE Visual pigment-like receptor peropsin - Mus musculus (Mouse).
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