Literature References | 1. DICKERSON, R.E. AND GEIS, I.
Hemoglobin: Structure, Function, Evolution and Pathology.
THE BENJAMIN/CUMMINGS PUBLISHING COMPANY, 1983.
2. KAPP, O.H., MOENS, L., VANFLETEREN, J., TROTMAN, C.N.A., SUZUKI, T.
AND VINOGRADOV, S.N.
Alignment of 700 globin sequences: Extent of amino acid substitution
and its correlation with variation in volume.
PROTEIN SCI. 4 2179-2190 (1995).
3. MOENS, L., VANFLETEREN, J., VAN DE PEER, Y., PEETERS, K., KAPP, O.,
CZELUZNIAK, J., GOODMAN, M., BLAXTER, M. AND VINOGRADOV, S.
Globins in nonvertebrate species: dispersal by horizontal gene transfer
and evolution of the structure-function relationships.
MOL.BIOL.EVOL. 13 324-333 (1996).
4. WHITAKER, T.L., BERRY, M.B., HO, E.L., HARGROVE, M.S., PHILLIPS, G.N.,
KOMIYAMA, N.H., NAGAI, K. AND OLSON, J.S.
The D-helix in myoglobin and in the beta subunit of hemoglobin is required
for the retention of heme.
BIOCHEMISTRY 34 8221-8226 (1995).
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Documentation | Globins are haem-containing proteins involved in dioxygen binding and/or
transport [1]. At present, more than 700 globin sequences are known [2].
It has been proposed that all globins have evolved from a family of
ancestral, approximately 17kDa haemoproteins that displayed the globin
fold and functioned as redox proteins [3]. The globin superfamily includes
vertebrate haemoglobins (Hb); vertebrate myoglobins (Mb); invertebrate
globins; plant leghaemoglobins; and bacterial flavohaemoglobins.
The function of haemoglobins (Hb) is transport of dioxygen in blood plasma.
Hb binds O(2) in the reduced [Fe(II)] state. The Hb molecule exists as a
tetramer, typically of two alpha- and two beta-globin chains, which form
a well-defined quaternary structure. Each monomer binds iron protoporphyrin
IX (haem).
The 3D structures of a great number of vertebrate Hbs in various states
are known. The protein is largely alpha-helical, eight conserved helices
(A to H) providing the scaffold for a well-defined haem-binding pocket
(Hb alpha subunits lack helix D [4]). The imidazole ring of the "proximal"
His residue provides the fifth haem iron ligand; the other axial haem iron
position remains essentially free for O(2) coordination. Conserved "distal"
His and Val residues block an unhindered access to the sixth coordination
site so that a controlled binding of small molecules may result only as a
consequence of side-chain dynamics of the protein [1]. O(2) binding results
in a transition from high-spin to low-spin iron, with accompanying changes
in the Fe-N bond lengths and coordination geometry. In Hb, these subtle
changes lead to the well-known cooperative effect. At the quaternary
structure level, O(2) binding induces relative reorientation of the
[alpha-1, beta-1] and [alpha-2, beta-2] dimers.
Alpha- and beta-haemoglobins are highly similar; the sequence of alpha-
differs in length from that of beta-haemoglobin on average by 5 residues
(actual lengths 141 and 146 residues respectively). The major structural
difference between alpha- and beta-forms is that beta-haemoglobins contain
an alpha-helix (the D helix) that is missing in alpha-forms.
ALPHAHAEM is a 5-element fingerprint that provides a signature for alpha-
haemoglobins. The fingerprint was derived from an initial alignment of 27
sequences: the motifs were drawn from short conserved sections spanning the
full alignment length, focusing on those regions that characterise the
alpha-haemoglobins but distinguish them from the rest of the globin family -
motif 1 includes the second alpha-helix, leading into helix 3; motif 2 spans
the C-terminus of helix 3 and helix 4; motif 3 includes the N-terminus of
helix 5; motif 4 spans helices 6 and 7, its C-terminal residue being the
invariant proximal His; and motif 5 encodes helix 9. Seven iterations on
OWL30.1 were required to reach convergence, at which point a true set
comprising 272 sequences was identified. Numerous partial matches were also
found, all of which are members of the haemglobin family: most are beta-
haemoglobins that match 2 or 3 motifs.
An update on SPTR37_9f identified a true set of 242 sequences, and 58
partial matches.
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Sequence Titles | HBA1_ARCGA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-I CHAIN - ARCTOCEPHALUS GALAPAGOENSIS (GALAPAGOES FUR SEAL). HBA1_BOSMU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN - BOS MUTUS GRUNNIENS (YAK). HBA1_GALCR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN (ALPHA-I) - GALAGO CRASSICAUDATUS (THICK-TAILED GALAGO) (OTOLEMUR CRASSICAUDATUS). HBA1_LEMVA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-I CHAIN - LEMUR VARIEGATUS (RUFFED LEMUR) (VARECIA VARIEGATA). HBA1_NOTAN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN - NOTOTHENIA ANGUSTATA (ROCKCOD). HBA1_SALIR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN - SALMO IRIDEUS (RAINBOW TROUT). HBA1_TACAC HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN - TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS ACULEATUS (AUSTRALIAN ECHIDNA). HBA1_TADBR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN - TADARIDA BRASILIENSIS (BRAZILIAN FREE-TAILED BAT). HBA2_ARCGA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-II CHAIN - ARCTOCEPHALUS GALAPAGOENSIS (GALAPAGOES FUR SEAL). HBA2_BOSMU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-2 CHAIN - BOS MUTUS GRUNNIENS (YAK). HBA2_GALCR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-B CHAIN (ALPHA-II) - GALAGO CRASSICAUDATUS (THICK-TAILED GALAGO) (OTOLEMUR CRASSICAUDATUS). HBA2_LEMVA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-II CHAIN - LEMUR VARIEGATUS (RUFFED LEMUR) (VARECIA VARIEGATA). HBA2_NOTCO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-2 CHAIN - NOTOTHENIA CORIICEPS NEGLECTA (BLACK ROCKCOD) (YELLOWBELLY ROCKCOD), AND NOTOTHENIA ANGUSTATA (ROCKCOD). HBA2_TACAC HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-2 CHAIN - TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS ACULEATUS (AUSTRALIAN ECHIDNA). HBA2_TRENE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-2 CHAIN - TREMATOMUS NEWNESI. HBA3_GORGO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-3 CHAIN - GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA (LOWLAND GORILLA). HBA3_PANTR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-3 CHAIN - PAN TROGLODYTES (CHIMPANZEE). HBA3_PLEWA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN, LARVAL - PLEURODELES WALTLII (IBERIAN RIBBED NEWT). HBA3_RANCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-III CHAIN, LARVAL - RANA CATESBEIANA (BULL FROG). HBA3_XENLA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-3 CHAIN (ALPHA-T3) - XENOPUS LAEVIS (AFRICAN CLAWED FROG). HBA3_XENTR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-3 CHAIN (LARVAL) - XENOPUS TROPICALIS (WESTERN CLAWED FROG) (SILURANA TROPICALIS). HBA4_XENLA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-4 CHAIN (ALPHA-T4) - XENOPUS LAEVIS (AFRICAN CLAWED FROG). HBA5_XENLA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-5 CHAIN (ALPHA-T5) - XENOPUS LAEVIS (AFRICAN CLAWED FROG). HBAA_ANGAN HEMOGLOBIN ANODIC, ALPHA CHAIN - ANGUILLA ANGUILLA (EUROPEAN FRESHWATER EEL). HBAC_ANGAN HEMOGLOBIN CATHODIC, ALPHA CHAIN - ANGUILLA ANGUILLA (EUROPEAN FRESHWATER EEL). HBAD_ACCGE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - ACCIPITER GENTILIS (GOSHAWK). HBAD_AEGMO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - AEGYPIUS MONACHUS (BLACK VULTURE), AND TRIGONOCEPS OCCIPITALIS (WHITE-HEADED VULTURE). HBAD_ANAPL HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (DOMESTIC DUCK). HBAD_ANSAN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - ANSER ANSER ANSER (WESTERN GRAYLAG GOOSE). HBAD_ANSIN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - ANSER INDICUS (BAR-HEADED GOOSE). HBAD_APUAP HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - APUS APUS (SWIFT). HBAD_BRACA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - BRANTA CANADENSIS (CANADA GOOSE). HBAD_CAIMO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - CAIRINA MOSCHATA (MUSCOVY DUCK). HBAD_CHICK HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - GALLUS GALLUS (CHICKEN). HBAD_CHLME HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - CHLOEPHAGA MELANOPTERA (ANDEAN GOOSE). HBAD_CHRPI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - CHRYSEMYS PICTA BELLII (WESTERN PAINTED TURTLE). HBAD_COTJA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA (JAPANESE QUAIL). HBAD_GYPRU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D AND ALPHA-D' CHAINS - GYPS RUEPPELLII (RUEPPELL'S GRIFFON). HBAD_MELGA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO (COMMON TURKEY). HBAD_PASMO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - PASSER MONTANUS (TREE SPARROW). HBAD_PHACA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - PHALACROCORAX CARBO (GREAT CORMORANT). HBAD_PHACO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - PHASIANUS COLCHICUS COLCHICUS (RING-NECKED PHEASANT). HBAD_PHRHI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN (COMPONENT CII) - PHRYNOPS HILARII (SNAKE-NECKED TURTLE). HBAD_RHEAM HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - RHEA AMERICANA (GREATER RHEA) (COMMON RHEA). HBAD_SPHPU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - SPHENODON PUNCTATUS (HATTERIA) (TUATARA). HBAD_STRCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - STRUTHIO CAMELUS (OSTRICH). HBAD_STUVU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - STURNUS VULGARIS (STARLING). HBAD_TURME HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-D CHAIN - TURDUS MERULA (BLACKBIRD). HBAZ_CAPHI HEMOGLOBIN ZETA CHAIN - CAPRA HIRCUS (GOAT). HBAZ_HORSE HEMOGLOBIN ZETA CHAIN - EQUUS CABALLUS (HORSE). HBAZ_HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN ZETA CHAIN - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN). HBAZ_MOUSE HEMOGLOBIN ZETA CHAIN - MUS MUSCULUS (MOUSE). HBAZ_PANTR HEMOGLOBIN ZETA CHAIN - PAN TROGLODYTES (CHIMPANZEE). HBAZ_PIG HEMOGLOBIN ZETA CHAIN - SUS SCROFA (PIG). HBA_ACCGE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - ACCIPITER GENTILIS (GOSHAWK). HBA_AEGMO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - AEGYPIUS MONACHUS (BLACK VULTURE). HBA_AILFU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - AILURUS FULGENS (LESSER PANDA). HBA_AILME HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - AILUROPODA MELANOLEUCA (GIANT PANDA). HBA_ALCAA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ALCES ALCES ALCES (EUROPEAN MOOSE) (ELK). HBA_ALLMI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS (AMERICAN ALLIGATOR). HBA_ANAPE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - ANAS PENELOPE (EUROPEAN WIDGEON). HBA_ANAPL HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (DOMESTIC DUCK). HBA_ANAPP HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS PLATYRHYNCHOS (NORTHERN MALLARD). HBA_ANSAN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - ANSER ANSER ANSER (WESTERN GRAYLAG GOOSE). HBA_ANSIN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - ANSER INDICUS (BAR-HEADED GOOSE). HBA_ANSSE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - ANSERANAS SEMIPALMATA (MAGPIE GOOSE). HBA_ANTPA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ANTROZOUS PALLIDUS (PALLID BAT). HBA_APTFO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - APTENODYTES FORSTERI (EMPEROR PENGUIN). HBA_APUAP HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - APUS APUS (SWIFT). HBA_AQUCH HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - AQUILA CHRYSAETOS (GOLDEN EAGLE). HBA_ARAAR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - ARA ARARAUNA (BLUE-AND-YELLOW MACAW). HBA_ATEGE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ATELES GEOFFROYI (BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY), AND SAGUINUS OEDIPUS (COTTON-TOP TAMARIN). HBA_BALAC HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - BALAENOPTERA ACUTOROSTRATA (MINKE WHALE) (LESSER RORQUAL). HBA_BISBO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-I AND ALPHA-II CHAINS - BISON BONASUS (EUROPEAN BISON). HBA_BOSGF HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - BOS GAURUS FRONTALIS (GAYAL). HBA_BOVIN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - BOS TAURUS (BOVINE). HBA_BRACA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - BRANTA CANADENSIS (CANADA GOOSE). HBA_BRATR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - BRADYPUS TRIDACTYLUS (PALE-THROATED THREE-TOED SLOTH). HBA_CAICR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CAIMAN CROCODILUS (SPECTACLED CAIMAN) (CAIMAN SCLEROPS). HBA_CAIMO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - CAIRINA MOSCHATA (MUSCOVY DUCK). HBA_CALAR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CALLITHRIX ARGENTATA (BLACK-TAILED MARMOSET). HBA_CAMDR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS (DROMEDARY) (ARABIAN CAMEL), AND CAMELUS BACTRIANUS (BACTRIAN CAMEL). HBA_CANFA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CANIS FAMILIARIS (DOG), AND CANIS LATRANS (COYOTE). HBA_CAPHI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - CAPRA HIRCUS (GOAT), AMMOTRAGUS LERVIA (BARBARY SHEEP) (AOUDAD), AND OVIS ARIES (SHEEP). HBA_CARAU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CARASSIUS AURATUS (GOLDFISH). HBA_CARCR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - CARETTA CARETTA (LOGGERHEAD). HBA_CATCL HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CATOSTOMUS CLARKI (DESERT SUCKER). HBA_CAVPO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CAVIA PORCELLUS (GUINEA PIG). HBA_CEBAP HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CEBUS APELLA (BROWN-CAPPED CAPUCHIN). HBA_CEBCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CEBUS CAPUCINUS (WHITE-FACED SAPAJOU). HBA_CERAE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS (GREEN MONKEY) (GRIVET). HBA_CERSI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM (WHITE RHINOCEROS) (SQUARE-LIPPED RHINOCEROS). HBA_CERTO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CERCOCEBUS TORQUATUS ATYS (RED-CROWNED MANGABEY) (SOOTY MANGABEY). HBA_CHEKU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CHELODONICHTHYES KUMU (RED GURNARD). HBA_CHICK HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - GALLUS GALLUS (CHICKEN). HBA_CHLME HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - CHLOEPHAGA MELANOPTERA (ANDEAN GOOSE). HBA_CHRPI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - CHRYSEMYS PICTA BELLII (WESTERN PAINTED TURTLE). HBA_CICCI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - CICONIA CICONIA (WHITE STORK). HBA_COLBA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - COLOBUS BADIUS (RED COLOBUS). HBA_COLLI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - COLUMBA LIVIA (DOMESTIC PIGEON). HBA_COTJA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA (JAPANESE QUAIL). HBA_CRIGA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CRICETOMYS GAMBIANUS (GAMBIA RAT). HBA_CROCR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CROCUTA CROCUTA (SPOTTED HYENA). HBA_CRONI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CROCODYLUS NILOTICUS (NILE CROCODILE) (AFRICAN CROCODILE). HBA_CTEGU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CTENODACTYLUS GUNDI (NORTHERN GUNDI). HBA_CYGOL HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - CYGNUS OLOR (MUTE SWAN). HBA_CYNSP HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CYNOPTERUS SPHINX (INDIAN SHORT-NOSED FRUIT BAT). HBA_CYPCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CYPRINUS CARPIO (COMMON CARP). HBA_DASNO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - DASYPUS NOVEMCINCTUS (NINE-BANDED ARMADILLO). HBA_DASVI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - DASYURUS VIVERRINUS (SOUTHEASTERN QUOLL). HBA_DIDMA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS VIRGINIANA (NORTH AMERICAN OPOSSUM). HBA_ECHTE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ECHINOPS TELFAIRI (LESSER HEDGEHOG TENREC). HBA_ELEEL HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ELECTROPHORUS ELECTRICUS (ELECTRIC EEL). HBA_ELEMA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ELEPHAS MAXIMUS (INDIAN ELEPHANT). HBA_EQUAS HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - EQUUS ASINUS (DONKEY). HBA_EQUHE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - EQUUS HEMIONUS KULAN (KULAN) (ASIATIC WILD ASS). HBA_EQUZE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - EQUUS ZEBRA (MOUNTAIN ZEBRA), AND EQUUS BURCHELLI (PLAINS ZEBRA) (EQUUS QUAGGA). HBA_ERIEU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ERINACEUS EUROPAEUS (WESTERN EUROPEAN HEDGEHOG). HBA_EUDCR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - EUDYPTES CRESTATUS (ROCK-HOPPER PENGUIN). HBA_EUDSC HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - EUDYNAMYS SCOLOPACEA (COMMON KOEL). HBA_EULFU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - EULEMUR FULVUS FULVUS (BROWN LEMUR). HBA_FELCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - FELIS SILVESTRIS CATUS (CAT). HBA_FRAPO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - FRANCOLINUS PONDICERIANUS (GRAY FRANCOLIN) (GRAY PARTRIDGE). HBA_GORGO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA (LOWLAND GORILLA). HBA_GYPRU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A AND ALPHA-A' CHAINS - GYPS RUEPPELLII (RUEPPELL'S GRIFFON). HBA_HIPAM HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS (HIPPOPOTAMUS). HBA_HORSE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAINS (SLOW AND FAST) - EQUUS CABALLUS (HORSE). HBA_HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN), PAN TROGLODYTES (CHIMPANZEE), AND PAN PANISCUS (PYGMY CHIMPANZEE) (BONOBO). HBA_LAMGL HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - LAMA GLAMA (LLAMA). HBA_LAMPA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - LAMA GUANICOE PACOS (ALPACA), AND LAMA GUANICOE (GUANACO). HBA_LAMVI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - LAMA VICUGNA (VICUGNA) (VICUGNA VICUGNA). HBA_LARRI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - LARUS RIDIBUNDUS (BLACK-HEADED GULL). HBA_LEPWE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-I AND ALPHA-II CHAINS - LEPTONYCHOTES WEDDELLI (WEDDELL SEAL). HBA_LIOMI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - LIOPHIS MILIARIS. HBA_LORTA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - LORIS TARDIGRADUS (SLENDER LORIS). HBA_LOXAF HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - LOXODONTA AFRICANA (AFRICAN ELEPHANT). HBA_LUTLU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - LUTRA LUTRA (EUROPEAN RIVER OTTER). HBA_LYNLY HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - LYNX LYNX (EUROPEAN LYNX). HBA_MACAS HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1, ALPHA-2, AND ALPHA-3 CHAINS - MACACA ASSAMENSIS (ASSAM'S MACAQUE) (ASSAM'S MONKEY). HBA_MACCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MACROTUS CALIFORNICUS (CALIFORNIA BIG-EARED BAT). HBA_MACFA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A, ALPHA-Q, ALPHA-R, AND ALPHA-T CHAINS - MACACA FASCICULARIS (CRAB EATING MACAQUE) (CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY). HBA_MACGG HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-I AND ALPHA-II CHAINS - MACRODERMA GIGAS (AUSTRALIAN GHOST BAT). HBA_MACGI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MACROPUS GIGANTEUS (EASTERN GRAY KANGAROO). HBA_MACMU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MACACA MULATTA (RHESUS MACAQUE), AND MACACA FUSCATA FUSCATA (JAPANESE MACAQUE). HBA_MACNE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1, ALPHA-2, AND ALPHA-3 CHAINS - MACACA NEMESTRINA (PIG-TAILED MACAQUE). HBA_MACSI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - MACACA SINICA (TOQUE MACAQUE) (TOQUE MONKEY). HBA_MACSP HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - MACACA SPECIOSA (STUMP-TAIL MACAQUE). HBA_MANSP HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-I AND ALPHA-II CHAINS - MANDRILLUS SPHINX (MANDRILL) (PAPIO SPHINX). HBA_MARFO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MARTES FOINA (BEACH MARTEN). HBA_MARMA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MARMOTA MARMOTA MARMOTA (ALPINE MARMOT). HBA_MEGLY HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MEGADERMA LYRA (INDIAN FALSE VAMPIRE). HBA_MELCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MELLIVORA CAPENSIS (RATEL). HBA_MELGA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO (COMMON TURKEY). HBA_MELME HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MELES MELES (EURASIAN BADGER). HBA_MESAU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MESOCRICETUS AURATUS (GOLDEN HAMSTER). HBA_MICGA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MICROCEPHALOPHIS GRACILIS (GRACEFUL SMALL-HEADED SEA SNAKE). HBA_MOUSE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MUS MUSCULUS (MOUSE). HBA_MUSLU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - MUSTELA LUTREOLA (EUROPEAN MINK). HBA_MUSPF HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - MUSTELA PUTORIUS FURO (FERRET). HBA_MUSPU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - MUSTELA PUTORIUS (EUROPEAN POLECAT). HBA_MYOVE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - MYOTIS VELIFER (MOUSE-EARED BAT). HBA_NASNA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - NASUA NASUA (RING-TAILED COATI). HBA_NYCCO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - NYCTICEBUS COUCANG (SLOW LORIS). HBA_ODORO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ODOBENUS ROSMARUS DIVERGENS (PACIFIC WALRUS). HBA_ODOVI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS VIRGINIANUS (VIRGINIA WHITE-TAILED DEER). HBA_ONDZI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ONDATRA ZIBETHICUS (MUSKRAT). HBA_ORNAN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ORNITHORHYNCHUS ANATINUS (DUCKBILL PLATYPUS). HBA_PAGBE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PAGOTHENIA BERNACCHII (EMERALD ROCKCOD). HBA_PAGLA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PAGUMA LARVATA (MASKED PALM CIVET). HBA_PANLE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PANTHERA LEO (LION). HBA_PANPO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PANTHERA PARDUS ORIENTALIS (AMUR LEOPARD), AND PANTHERA ONCA (JAGUAR). HBA_PANPS HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PANTHERA PARDUS SAXICOLOR (NORTHERN PERSIAN LEOPARD). HBA_PANTS HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PANTHERA TIGRIS SUMATRAE (SUMATRAN TIGER). HBA_PAPCY HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS (YELLOW BABOON), AND PAPIO ANUBIS (OLIVE BABOON). HBA_PASMO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - PASSER MONTANUS (TREE SPARROW). HBA_PHACA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - PHALACROCORAX CARBO (GREAT CORMORANT). HBA_PHACO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - PHASIANUS COLCHICUS COLCHICUS (RING-NECKED PHEASANT). HBA_PHORU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - PHOENICOPTERUS RUBER RUBER (AMERICAN FLAMINGO). HBA_PHOVI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PHOCA VITULINA (HARBOR SEAL). HBA_PHYCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PHYSETER CATODON (SPERM WHALE) (PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS). HBA_PIG HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - SUS SCROFA (PIG). HBA_PONPY HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PONGO PYGMAEUS (ORANGUTAN). HBA_PREEN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS (HANUMAN LANGUR). HBA_PROCR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PROTELES CRISTATUS (AARDWOLF). HBA_PROHA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PROCAVIA CAPENSIS HABESSINICA (ABYSSINIAN HYRAX). HBA_PROLO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PROCYON LOTOR (RACCOON). HBA_PSIKR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PSITTACULA KRAMERI (ROSE-RINGED PARAKEET). HBA_PTEAL HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PTEROPUS ALECTO (BLACK FLYING FOX). HBA_PTEBR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PTERONURA BRASILIENSIS (GIANT OTTER). HBA_PTEPO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - PTEROPUS POLIOCEPHALUS (GREY-HEADED FLYING FOX). HBA_RABIT HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS (RABBIT). HBA_RANTA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - RANGIFER TARANDUS (REINDEER) (CARIBOU). HBA_RAT HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - RATTUS NORVEGICUS (RAT). HBA_RHEAM HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - RHEA AMERICANA (GREATER RHEA) (COMMON RHEA). HBA_RHIUN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - RHINOCEROS UNICORNIS (GREATER INDIAN RHINOCEROS). HBA_ROUAE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - ROUSETTUS AEGYPTIACUS (EGYPTIAN ROUSETTE) (EGYPTIAN FRUIT BAT). HBA_SAGFU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - SAGUINUS FUSCICOLLIS (BROWN-HEADED TAMARIN). HBA_SALSA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - SALMO SALAR (ATLANTIC SALMON). HBA_SPAEH HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - SPALAX LEUCODON EHRENBERGI (EHRENBERG'S MOLE RAT). HBA_SPECI HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - SPERMOPHILUS CITELLUS (EUROPEAN SUSLIK) (CITELLUS CITELLUS). HBA_SPEPA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - SPERMOPHILUS PARRYII (ARCTIC GROUND SQUIRREL) (CITELLUS PARRYII). HBA_SPETO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - SPERMOPHILUS TOWNSENDII (TOWNSEND'S GROUND SQUIRREL) (CITELLUS TOWNSENDII). HBA_SPHPU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - SPHENODON PUNCTATUS (HATTERIA) (TUATARA). HBA_STRCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - STRUTHIO CAMELUS (OSTRICH). HBA_STUVU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - STURNUS VULGARIS (STARLING). HBA_SUNMU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - SUNCUS MURINUS (HOUSE SHREW). HBA_TALEU HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - TALPA EUROPAEA (EUROPEAN MOLE). HBA_TAPGE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - TAPHOZOUS GEORGIANUS (TOMB BAT). HBA_TAPTE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 AND ALPHA-2 CHAINS - TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS (LOWLAND TAPIR) (BRAZILIAN TAPIR). HBA_TARBA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - TARSIUS BANCANUS (WESTERN TARSIER). HBA_TARGR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - TARICHA GRANULOSA (ROUGHSKIN NEWT). HBA_THEGE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - THEROPITHECUS GELADA (GELADA BABOON). HBA_THUTH HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - THUNNUS THYNNUS (BLUEFIN TUNA). HBA_TRAST HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - TRAGELAPHUS STREPSICEROS (GREATER KUDU). HBA_TRIIN HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - TRICHECHUS INUNGUIS (AMAZON MANATEE) (BRAZILIAN MANATEE). HBA_TRIOC HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - TRIGONOCEPS OCCIPITALIS (WHITE-HEADED VULTURE). HBA_TUPGL HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - TUPAIA GLIS (TREE SHREW). HBA_TURME HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - TURDUS MERULA (BLACKBIRD). HBA_TURTR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS (ATLANTIC BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHIN). HBA_URSMA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - URSUS MARITIMUS (POLAR BEAR) (THALARCTOS MARITIMUS), URSUS THIBETANUS (ASIATIC BLACK BEAR), AND URSUS MALAYANUS (MALAYAN SUN BEAR) (HELARCTOS MALAYANUS). HBA_VULGR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-A CHAIN - VULTUR GRYPHUS (ANDEAN CONDOR). HBA_VULVV HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - VULPES VULPES VAR. (SILVER FOX). HBPI_CAIMO HEMOGLOBIN PI' CHAIN - CAIRINA MOSCHATA (MUSCOVY DUCK). O12986 ALPHA-A GLOBIN - COLUMBA LIVIA (DOMESTIC PIGEON). O13135 ALPHA-GLOBIN - CYPRINUS CARPIO (COMMON CARP). O13136 ALPHA-GLOBIN - CYPRINUS CARPIO (COMMON CARP). O13137 ALPHA-GLOBIN - CYPRINUS CARPIO (COMMON CARP). O13138 ALPHA-GLOBIN - CYPRINUS CARPIO (COMMON CARP). O13139 ALPHA-GLOBIN - CYPRINUS CARPIO (COMMON CARP). O13169 ALPHA-GLOBIN - CYPRINUS CARPIO (COMMON CARP). O42425 HAEMOGLOBIN ALPHA - GADUS MORHUA (ATLANTIC COD). Q28383 BII ALPHA-2 GLOBIN - EQUUS CABALLUS (HORSE). Q28743 ALPHA GLOBIN CHAIN - OVIS ARIES (SHEEP). Q28744 ALPHA GLOBIN CHAIN - OVIS ARIES (SHEEP). Q28745 ALPHA GLOBIN CHAIN - OVIS ARIES (SHEEP). Q61287 ALPHA-GLOBIN - MUS MUSCULUS (MOUSE). Q63910 ALPHA GLOBIN (ALPHA-GLOBIN {CLONE ALPHAG-28) - RATTUS NORVEGICUS (RAT). Q90487 AA1 ALPHA GLOBIN - BRACHYDANIO RERIO (ZEBRAFISH) (ZEBRA DANIO). Q91128 ALPHA-1 GLOBIN - NOTOTHENIA CORIICEPS (BLACK ROCKCOD), AND NOTOTHENIA CORIICEPS NEGLECTA (BLACK ROCKCOD) (YELLOWBELLY ROCKCOD). Q91469 ALPHA-GLOBIN - SALMO SALAR (ATLANTIC SALMON). Q92015 ALPHA-GLOBIN - SALMO SALAR (ATLANTIC SALMON). Q98974 ALPHA-GLOBIN IV - ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS (RAINBOW TROUT) (SALMO GAIRDNERI). HBA1_IGUIG HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN - IGUANA IGUANA (COMMON IGUANA). HBA1_NOTCO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN - NOTOTHENIA CORIICEPS NEGLECTA (BLACK ROCKCOD) (YELLOWBELLY ROCKCOD). HBA1_PLEWA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN (MAJOR) - PLEURODELES WALTLII (IBERIAN RIBBED NEWT). HBA1_TRENE HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN - TREMATOMUS NEWNESI. HBA1_TRICR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN (MAJOR) - TRITURUS CRISTATUS (GREAT CRESTED NEWT) (WARTY NEWT). HBA2_TRICR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-2 CHAIN (MINOR) - TRITURUS CRISTATUS (GREAT CRESTED NEWT) (WARTY NEWT). HBA2_VAREX HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-II CHAIN - VARANUS EXANTHEMATICUS ALBIGULARIS (CAPE MONITOR) (MONITOR LIZARD). HBA4_SALIR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-4 CHAIN - SALMO IRIDEUS (RAINBOW TROUT). HBAC_RANCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-C CHAIN - RANA CATESBEIANA (BULL FROG). HBAT_HORSE HEMOGLOBIN THETA-1 CHAIN - EQUUS CABALLUS (HORSE). HBAT_HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN THETA-1 CHAIN - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN). HBAT_PAPAN HEMOGLOBIN THETA-1 CHAIN - PAPIO ANUBIS (OLIVE BABOON). HBAT_PONPY HEMOGLOBIN THETA-1 CHAIN - PONGO PYGMAEUS (ORANGUTAN). HBA_AMBME HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM (AXOLOTL). HBA_LEIXA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - LEIOSTOMUS XANTHURUS (SPOT). HBA_VIPAS HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - VIPERA ASPIS (ASPIC VIPER). HBA_XENTR HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - XENOPUS TROPICALIS (WESTERN CLAWED FROG) (SILURANA TROPICALIS). HBPI_CHICK HEMOGLOBIN PI AND PI' CHAINS - GALLUS GALLUS (CHICKEN). O12985 ALPHA-D GLOBIN - COLUMBA LIVIA (DOMESTIC PIGEON). Q98973 ALPHA-GLOBIN I - ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS (RAINBOW TROUT) (SALMO GAIRDNERI). HBA1_TORMA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN - TORPEDO MARMORATA (MARBLED ELECTRIC RAY). HBA1_XENBO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN (MAJOR) - XENOPUS BOREALIS (KENYAN CLAWED FROG). HBA1_XENLA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-1 CHAIN (MAJOR) - XENOPUS LAEVIS (AFRICAN CLAWED FROG). HBA2_TORMA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-2 CHAIN - TORPEDO MARMORATA (MARBLED ELECTRIC RAY). HBA2_XENBO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-2 CHAIN (MINOR) - XENOPUS BOREALIS (KENYAN CLAWED FROG). HBA2_XENLA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-2 CHAIN (MINOR) - XENOPUS LAEVIS (AFRICAN CLAWED FROG). HBAB_RANCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-B CHAIN - RANA CATESBEIANA (BULL FROG). HBAM_RANCA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA-TYPE CHAIN, HEART MUSCLE - RANA CATESBEIANA (BULL FROG). HBA_CYGMA HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - CYGNODRACO MAWSONI (ANTARCTIC DRAGONFISH). HBA_GYMAC HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - GYMNODRACO ACUTICEPS (ANTARCTIC DRAGONFISH). HBA_LATCH HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - LATIMERIA CHALUMNAE (LATIMERIA) (COELACANTH). CYAA_SCHPO ADENYLATE CYCLASE (EC 4.6.1.1) (ATP PYROPHOSPHATE-LYASE) (ADENYLYL CYCLASE) - SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE (FISSION YEAST). F16P_ALCEU FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE, CHROMOSOMAL (EC 3.1.3.11) (D-FRUCTOSE- 1,6-BISPHOSPHATE 1-PHOSPHOHYDROLASE) (FBPASE) - ALCALIGENES EUTROPHUS. F16R_ALCEU FRUCTOSE-1,6-BISPHOSPHATASE, PLASMID (EC 3.1.3.11) (D-FRUCTOSE-1,6- BISPHOSPHATE 1-PHOSPHOHYDROLASE) (FBPASE) - ALCALIGENES EUTROPHUS. HBA_HETPO HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - HETERODONTUS PORTUSJACKSONI (PORT JACKSON SHARK). HBA_SQUAC HEMOGLOBIN ALPHA CHAIN - SQUALUS ACANTHIAS (SPINY DOGFISH). HBB_BRATR HEMOGLOBIN BETA CHAIN - BRADYPUS TRIDACTYLUS (PALE-THROATED THREE-TOED SLOTH). HBB_SPECI HEMOGLOBIN BETA CHAIN - SPERMOPHILUS CITELLUS (EUROPEAN SUSLIK) (CITELLUS CITELLUS). HBE_DIDMA HEMOGLOBIN EPSILON-M CHAIN - DIDELPHIS MARSUPIALIS VIRGINIANA (NORTH AMERICAN OPOSSUM). HBG1_PONPY HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA-1 CHAIN - PONGO PYGMAEUS (ORANGUTAN). HBG2_PONPY HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA-2 CHAIN - PONGO PYGMAEUS (ORANGUTAN). HBG_ALOBE HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA CHAIN - ALOUATTA BELZEBUL (BLACK-AND-RED HOWLER MONKEY), AND ALOUATTA CARAYA (BLACK HOWLER MONKEY). HBG_ALOSE HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA CHAIN - ALOUATTA SENICULUS (HOWLER MONKEY). HBG_ATEGE HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA CHAIN - ATELES GEOFFROYI (BLACK-HANDED SPIDER MONKEY), ATELES PANISCUS (BLACK SPIDER MONKEY), BRACHYTELES ARACHNOIDES (WOOLLY SPIDER MONKEY) (MURIQUI), AND LAGOTHRIX LAGOTRICHA (COMMON WOOLLY MONKEY). HBG_GORGO HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA-A AND GAMMA-G CHAINS - GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA (LOWLAND GORILLA). HBG_HUMAN HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA-A AND GAMMA-G CHAINS - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN), AND PAN TROGLODYTES (CHIMPANZEE). HBG_HYLLA HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA-1 AND GAMMA-2 CHAINS - HYLOBATES LAR (COMMON GIBBON). HBG_MACMU HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA CHAIN - MACACA MULATTA (RHESUS MACAQUE), MACACA FUSCATA FUSCATA (JAPANESE MACAQUE), AND PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS (YELLOW BABOON). HBG_MACNE HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA CHAIN - MACACA NEMESTRINA (PIG-TAILED MACAQUE). HLY1_ECOLI HEMOLYSIN, CHROMOSOMAL - Escherichia coli. MYSB_CAEEL MYOSIN HEAVY CHAIN B (MHC B) - CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. O02244 UNC-54 PROTEIN - CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS. P78461 ALPHA-GLOBIN GENE (ALPHA-THALASSEMIA ALLELIC FORM) - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN). Q03903 HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA-2(A) CHAIN - MACACA MULATTA (RHESUS MACAQUE). Q27940 GAMMA GLOBIN - AOTUS AZARAI (AOTUS AZARAE). Q28225 HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA CHAIN - CEBUS APELLA (BROWN-CAPPED CAPUCHIN), AND CEBUS ALBIFRONS (WHITE-FRONTED CAPUCHIN). Q28779 HYPOTHETICAL 16.2 KD PROTEIN - PAN PANISCUS (PYGMY CHIMPANZEE) (BONOBO). Q29434 HEMOGLOBIN GAMMA CHAIN - CEBUS APELLA (BROWN-CAPPED CAPUCHIN), AND CEBUS ALBIFRONS (WHITE-FRONTED CAPUCHIN).
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