| Literature References | 1. BEINERT, H. AND KENNEDY, M.C.
Engineering of protein bound iron-sulfur clusters. A tool for the study of
protein and cluster chemistry and mechanism of iron-sulfur enzymes.
EUR.J.BIOCHEMISTRY 186 5-15 (1989).
2. LAUBLE, H., KENNEDY, M.C., BEINERT, H. AND STOUT, C.D.
Crystal structures of aconitase with trans-aconitate and nitrocitrate bound.
J.MOL.BIOL. 237 437-451 (1994).
3. ROBBINS, A.H. AND STOUT, C.D.
Structure of activated aconitase: formation of the [4Fe-4S] cluster in
the crystal.
PROC.NATL.ACAD.SCI.U.S.A. 86 3639-3643 (1989).
4. HENTZE, M.W. AND ARGOS, P.
Homology between IRE-BP, a regulatory RNA-binding protein, aconitase,
and isopropylmalate isomerase.
NUCLEIC ACIDS RES. 19 1739-1740 (1991).
5. THEIL, E.C.
The IRE (iron regulatory element) family: structures which regulate mRNA
translation or stability.
BIOFACTORS 4 87-93 (1993).
6. HAILE, D., ROUAULT, T.A., HARFORD, J.B., KENNEDY, M.C., BLONDIN, G.A.,
BEINERT, H. AND KLAUSNER, R.D.
Cellular regulation of the iron-responsive element binding protein:
disassembly of the cubane iron-sulfur cluster results in high-affinity
RNA binding.
PROC.NATL.ACAD.SCI.U.S.A. 89 11735-11739 (1992).
7. PHILPOTT, C.C., HAILE, D., ROUAULT, T.A. AND KLAUSNER, R.D.
Modification of a free Fe-S cluster cysteine residue in the active
iron-responsive element-binding protein prevents RNA binding.
J.BIOL.CHEM. 268 17655-17658 (1993).
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| Documentation | Aconitase (aconitate hydratase) catalyses the stereo-specific isomerisation
of citrate to isocitrate via cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle,
a non-redox active process [1]. By contrast with the majority of iron-
sulphur proteins that function as electron carriers, the Fe-S cluster of
aconitase reacts directly with an enzyme substrate [1,2]. Aconitase has an
active [4Fe-4S](2+) cluster, which may convert to an inactive [3Fe-4S](1+)
form. Three Cys residues have been shown to be ligands of the [4Fe-4S]
centre [3]. The iron-responsive element binding protein (IRE-BP) and alpha-
isopropylmalate isomerase, an enzyme catalysing the second step in the
biosynthesis of leucine, are known aconitase homologues [4].
Iron regulatory elements (IREs) constitute a family of 28-nucleotide, non-
coding, stem-loop structures that regulate iron storage, haem synthesis
and iron uptake. They also participate in ribosome binding, and control
turnover (degradation). The specific regulator protein, the IRE-BP, binds
to IREs in both 5' and 3' regions [5], but only to RNA in the apo form,
without the Fe-S cluster. Expression of IRE-BP in cultured cells has
revealed that the protein functions either as an active aconitase, when
cells are iron-replete, or as an active RNA-binding protein, when cells
are iron-depleted [6]. Mutant IRE-BPs, in which any or all of the 3 Cys
residues involved in Fe-S formation are replaced by Ser, have no aconitase
activity, but retain RNA-binding properties [7].
The 3D-structure of mitochondrial aconitase has been determined [2], and
has been shown to contain 4 alpha/beta domains: the 3 N-terminal domains
have similar folds, each with 3 alpha-beta-alpha layers; while the
C-terminal domain forms a beta-barrel.
ACONITASE is a 9-element fingerprint that provides a signature for the
aconitase family. The fingerprint was derived from an initial alignment of
18 sequences: the motifs were drawn from conserved regions spanning the N-
terminal half of the alignment - motif 8 includes the region encoded by
PROSITE pattern ACONITASE (PS00450), which contains the first conserved
Cys of the [4Fe-4S] cluster; and motif 9 includes the second and third
conserved Cys residues. Two iterations on OWL26.3 were required to reach
convergence, at which point a true set comprising 32 sequences was
identified. Five partial matches were also found.
An update on SPTR37_9f identified a true set of 49 sequences, and 21
partial matches.
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| Sequence Titles | ACO1_ECOLI ACONITATE HYDRATASE 1 (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE 1) (ACONITASE 1) - ESCHERICHIA COLI.
ACOC_ARATH ACONITATE HYDRATASE, CYTOPLASMIC (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA (MOUSE-EAR CRESS).
ACOC_CAEEL PROBABLE ACONITATE HYDRATASE, CYTOPLASMIC (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO- LYASE) (ACONITASE) - CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS.
ACOC_CUCMA ACONITATE HYDRATASE, CYTOPLASMIC (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - CUCURBITA MAXIMA (PUMPKIN) (WINTER SQUASH).
ACON_BOVIN ACONITATE HYDRATASE, MITOCHONDRIAL PRECURSOR (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - BOS TAURUS (BOVINE).
ACON_BRAJA ACONITATE HYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM.
ACON_CAEEL PROBABLE ACONITATE HYDRATASE, MITOCHONDRIAL PRECURSOR (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS.
ACON_GRAVE ACONITATE HYDRATASE, MITOCHONDRIAL PRECURSOR (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - GRACILARIA VERRUCOSA.
ACON_HUMAN ACONITATE HYDRATASE, MITOCHONDRIAL PRECURSOR (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN).
ACON_LEGPN ACONITATE HYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) (MAJOR IRON-CONTAINING PROTEIN) (MICP) (IP210) - LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA.
ACON_PIG ACONITATE HYDRATASE, MITOCHONDRIAL PRECURSOR (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - SUS SCROFA (PIG).
ACON_SCHPO ACONITATE HYDRATASE, MITOCHONDRIAL PRECURSOR (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE (FISSION YEAST).
ACON_YEAST ACONITATE HYDRATASE, MITOCHONDRIAL PRECURSOR (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE (BAKER'S YEAST).
ACOX_YEAST PUTATIVE ACONITASE IN PRP21-UBP12 INTERGENIC REGION (EC 4.2.1.3) - SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE (BAKER'S YEAST).
IRE1_HUMAN IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 1 (IRE-BP 1) (IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN 1) (IRP1) (FERRITIN REPRESSOR PROTEIN) (ACONITATE HYDRATASE) (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN).
IRE1_MOUSE IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 1 (IRE-BP 1) (IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN 1) (IRP1) (FERRITIN REPRESSOR PROTEIN) (ACONITATE HYDRATASE) (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - MUS MUSCULUS (MOUSE).
IRE1_RABIT IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 1 (IRE-BP 1) (IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN 1) (IRP1) (FERRITIN REPRESSOR PROTEIN) (ACONITATE HYDRATASE) (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS (RABBIT).
IRE1_RAT IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 1 (IRE-BP 1) (IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN 1) (IRP1) (FERRITIN REPRESSOR PROTEIN) (ACONITATE HYDRATASE) (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - RATTUS NORVEGICUS (RAT).
IRE2_HUMAN IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 2 (IRE-BP 2) (IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN 2) (IRP2) - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN).
IRE2_RAT IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 2 (IRE-BP 2) (IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN 2) (IRP2) - RATTUS NORVEGICUS (RAT).
IREB_CHICK IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN (IRE-BP) (IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN) (IRP) (FERRITIN REPRESSOR PROTEIN) (ACONITATE HYDRATASE) (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - GALLUS GALLUS (CHICKEN).
LEU2_ACTTI 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - ACTINOPLANES TEICHOMYCETICUS.
LEU2_BACSU 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) (SUPEROXIDE-INDUCIBLE PROTEIN 10) (SOI10) - BACILLUS SUBTILIS.
LEU2_BUCAP 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - BUCHNERA APHIDICOLA.
LEU2_CANMA 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - CANDIDA MALTOSA (YEAST).
LEU2_ECOLI 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - ESCHERICHIA COLI.
LEU2_HAEIN 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE.
LEU2_LACLA 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - LACTOCOCCUS LACTIS (SUBSP. LACTIS) (STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS).
LEU2_MYCLE 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE.
LEU2_PHYBL 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - PHYCOMYCES BLAKESLEEANUS.
LEU2_RHINI 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - RHIZOPUS NIVEUS.
LEU2_RHIPU 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - RHIZOMUCOR PUSILLUS.
LEU2_RHIRA 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - RHIZOMUCOR RACEMOSUS (MUCOR CIRCINELLOIDES F. LUSITANICUS).
LEU2_SALTY 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM.
LEU2_SCHPO 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE (FISSION YEAST).
LEU2_USTMA 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - USTILAGO MAYDIS (SMUT FUNGUS).
LEU2_YEAST 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE (BAKER'S YEAST).
O31293 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE SUBUNIT - BUCHNERA APHIDICOLA.
O50579 ACONITASE (EC 4.2.1.3) (ACONITATE HYDRATASE) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) - XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS.
O53166 ACONITATE HYDRATASE - MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.
O53237 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT - MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.
O74699 ACONITASE - ASPERGILLUS TERREUS.
O75809 ACONITATE HYDRATASE - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN).
O76934 IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN-1A - DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLY).
O76935 IRON REGULATORY PROTEIN-1B - DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLY).
O81396 ACONITASE-IRON REGULATED PROTEIN 1 - CITRUS LIMON (LEMON).
O85065 ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE SUBUNIT - BUCHNERA APHIDICOLA.
O85072 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE SUBUNIT - BUCHNERA APHIDICOLA.
O86534 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT - STREPTOMYCES COELICOLOR.
ACON_BACSU ACONITATE HYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - BACILLUS SUBTILIS.
ACON_MYCAV ACONITATE HYDRATASE (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE) (ACONITASE) - MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM.
LEU2_SYNY3 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - SYNECHOCYSTIS SP. (STRAIN PCC 6803).
LEU2_AZOVI 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - AZOTOBACTER VINELANDII.
LE21_METTH PUTATIVE 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - METHANOBACTERIUM THERMOAUTOTROPHICUM.
LE22_METTH PUTATIVE 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - METHANOBACTERIUM THERMOAUTOTROPHICUM.
O67656 ACONITASE - AQUIFEX AEOLICUS.
LE21_ARCFU PUTATIVE 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - ARCHAEOGLOBUS FULGIDUS.
LE22_ARCFU PUTATIVE 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - ARCHAEOGLOBUS FULGIDUS.
LE22_METJA PUTATIVE 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - METHANOCOCCUS JANNASCHII.
O67078 LARGE SUBUNIT OF ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE - AQUIFEX AEOLICUS.
ACO2_ECOLI ACONITATE HYDRATASE 2 (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE 2) (ACONITASE 2) - ESCHERICHIA COLI.
ACO2_HELPY ACONITATE HYDRATASE 2 (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE 2) (ACONITASE 2) - HELICOBACTER PYLORI (CAMPYLOBACTER PYLORI).
ACO2_SYNY3 ACONITATE HYDRATASE 2 (EC 4.2.1.3) (CITRATE HYDRO-LYASE 2) (ACONITASE 2) - SYNECHOCYSTIS SP. (STRAIN PCC 6803).
LE21_METJA PUTATIVE 3-ISOPROPYLMALATE DEHYDRATASE LARGE SUBUNIT (EC 4.2.1.33) (ISOPROPYLMALATE ISOMERASE) (ALPHA-IPM ISOMERASE) (IPMI) - METHANOCOCCUS JANNASCHII.
LYS4_EMENI HOMOACONITASE PRECURSOR (EC 4.2.1.36) (HOMOACONITATE HYDRATASE) - EMERICELLA NIDULANS (ASPERGILLUS NIDULANS).
LYS4_YEAST HOMOACONITASE PRECURSOR (EC 4.2.1.36) (HOMOACONITATE HYDRATASE) - SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE (BAKER'S YEAST).
O53854 PUTATIVE MEMBRANE PROTEIN - MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.
O59391 380AA LONG HYPOTHETICAL ISOMERASE - PYROCOCCUS HORIKOSHII.
P72236 MONOOXYGENASE SUBUNIT - PSEUDOMONAS SP.
YBHJ_ECOLI HYPOTHETICAL 81.5 KD PROTEIN IN MODC-BIOA INTERGENIC REGION - ESCHERICHIA COLI.
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