| Literature References | 1. CHUNG, L.P., KESHAV, S. AND GORDON, S.
Cloning of the human lysozyme cDNA - inverted Alu repeat in the messenger
RNA and in situ hybridization for macrophages and paneth cells.
PROC.NATL.ACAD.SCI.U.S.A. 85(17) 6227-6231 (1988).
2. STEWART, C.B., SCHILLING, J.W. AND WILSON, A.C.
Adaptive evolution in the stomach lysozymes of foregut fermenters.
NATURE 330 401-404 (1987).
3. IRWIN, D.M. AND WILSON, A.C.
Multiple cDNA sequences and the evolution of bovine stomach lysozyme.
J.BIOL.CHEM. 264 11387-11393 (1989).
4. SHEWALE, J.G., SUDHIR, K.S. AND BREW, K.
Evolution of alpha-lactalbumins.
J.BIOL.CHEM. 259 4947-4956 (1984).
5. NITTA, K., HIDEAKI, H., SHINTARO, S. AND SHIMAZAKI, K.
The calcium binding property of equine lysozyme.
FEBS LETT. 223 405-408 (1987).
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| Documentation | Lysozyme is a muramidase that hydrolyses beta-1,4-links between N-acetyl-
muramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the peptidoglycan of bacterial
cell walls [1], thus helping to fight invading bacteria. In this capacity,
the enzyme is found in tears and saliva [2], but it has also been recruited
for a digestive role in the true stomach (abomasum) of ruminants and
colobine monkeys: here it probably degrades the cell walls of bacteria
passing from the foregut, allowing the breakdown products to be digested by
other stomach enzymes [3]. The stomach form of lysozyme is endowed with
special physiochemical properties that allow it to function in an acidic
and protease-rich environment.
Lysozyme C is similar to alpha-lactalbumin in terms of primary sequence and
structure [4], and both have probably evolved from a common ancestral
protein. There is, however, no similarity in function, lactalbumin being
involved in the formation of lactose and is essential for milk production.
Another significant difference between the 2 enzymes is that while all
lactalbumins have the ability to bind calcium, this property is restricted
to only a few lysozymes [5].
LYSOZYME is a 6-element fingerprint that provides a signature for the
lysozyme C family of enzymes. The fingerprint was derived from an initial
alignment of 6 sequences: motif 4 encodes the region involved in calcium
binding, and together with motif 3 contains 3 of the 8 cysteine residues
conserved in both lysozymes and lactalbumins (cf. PROSITE pattern
LACTALBUMIN_LYSOZYME (PS00128)). Two iterations on OWL20.0 were required to
reach convergence, at which point a true set comprising 79 sequences was
identified. Several partial matches were also found: these include a
lysozyme fragment that lacks the portion of sequence bearing motif 1, and
several lactalbumins and other lysozyme fragments that match only 2 motifs
(largely motifs 1, 3 or 4).
An update on SPTR37_9f identified a true set of 58 sequences, and 29
partial matches.
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| Sequence Titles | LYC1_ANAPL LYSOZYME C-1 PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (DOMESTIC DUCK).
LYC1_CAPHI LYSOZYME C-1 (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C-1) - CAPRA HIRCUS (GOAT).
LYC1_PIG LYSOZYME C-1 (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - SUS SCROFA (PIG).
LYC1_RAT LYSOZYME C, TYPE 1 PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N- ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - RATTUS NORVEGICUS (RAT).
LYC2_CAPHI LYSOZYME C-2 (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C-2) - CAPRA HIRCUS (GOAT).
LYC2_ONCMY LYSOZYME C II PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS (RAINBOW TROUT) (SALMO GAIRDNERI).
LYC2_PIG LYSOZYME C-2 PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - SUS SCROFA (PIG).
LYC2_RAT LYSOZYME C, TYPE 2 PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N- ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - RATTUS NORVEGICUS (RAT).
LYC3_ANAPL LYSOZYME C-3 (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - ANAS PLATYRHYNCHOS (DOMESTIC DUCK).
LYC3_PIG LYSOZYME C-3 PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - SUS SCROFA (PIG).
LYCK_SHEEP LYSOZYME C, KIDNEY (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - OVIS ARIES (SHEEP).
LYCM_MOUSE LYSOZYME C, TYPE M PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N- ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - MUS MUSCULUS (MOUSE).
LYCP_MOUSE LYSOZYME C, TYPE P PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N- ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - MUS MUSCULUS (MOUSE).
LYC_ALLNI LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - ALLENOPITHECUS NIGROVIRIDIS (ALLEN'S SWAMP MONKEY).
LYC_AXIAX LYSOZYME C 1 AND 2 (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - AXIS AXIS (AXIS DEER) (CHITAL).
LYC_BOVIN LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - BOS TAURUS (BOVINE).
LYC_CALJA LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - CALLITHRIX JACCHUS (COMMON MARMOSET).
LYC_CAMDR LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS (DROMEDARY) (ARABIAN CAMEL).
LYC_CERAE LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS (GREEN MONKEY) (GRIVET), AND ERYTHROCEBUS PATAS (RED GUENON) (HUSSAR).
LYC_CHICK LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) (ALLERGEN GAL D 4) (GAL D IV) - GALLUS GALLUS (CHICKEN).
LYC_CHRAM LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - CHRYSOLOPHUS AMHERSTIAE (LADY AMHERST'S PHEASANT).
LYC_COLAN LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - COLOBUS ANGOLENSIS (ANGOLAN COLOBUS), AND COLOBUS GUEREZA.
LYC_COLLI LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - COLUMBA LIVIA (DOMESTIC PIGEON).
LYC_COLVI LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - COLINUS VIRGINIANUS (BOBWHITE QUAIL) (COMMON BOBWHITE).
LYC_COTJA LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - COTURNIX COTURNIX JAPONICA (JAPANESE QUAIL).
LYC_EQUAS LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - EQUUS ASINUS (DONKEY).
LYC_GORGO LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - GORILLA GORILLA GORILLA (LOWLAND GORILLA).
LYC_HORSE LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - EQUUS CABALLUS (HORSE).
LYC_HUMAN LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN), PAN TROGLODYTES (CHIMPANZEE), AND PAN PANISCUS (PYGMY CHIMPANZEE) (BONOBO).
LYC_HYLLA LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - HYLOBATES LAR (COMMON GIBBON).
LYC_LOPCA LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - LOPHORTYX CALIFORNICA (CALIFORNIA QUAIL).
LYC_LOPLE LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - LOPHURA LEUCOMELANA (KALIJ PHEASANT).
LYC_MACMU LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - MACACA MULATTA (RHESUS MACAQUE).
LYC_MELGA LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - MELEAGRIS GALLOPAVO (COMMON TURKEY).
LYC_MIOTA LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - MIOPITHECUS TALAPOIN (TALAPOIN) (CERCOPITHECUS TALAPOIN).
LYC_NASLA LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - NASALIS LARVATUS (PROBOSCIS MONKEY).
LYC_NUMME LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - NUMIDA MELEAGRIS (HELMETED GUINEAFOWL).
LYC_OPIHO LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - OPISTHOCOMUS HOAZIN (HOATZIN).
LYC_ORTVE LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - ORTALIS VETULA (PLAIN CHACHALACA).
LYC_PAPAN LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - PAPIO ANUBIS (OLIVE BABOON), AND CERCOCEBUS TORQUATUS ATYS (RED-CROWNED MANGABEY) (SOOTY MANGABEY).
LYC_PAVCR LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - PAVO CRISTATUS (INDIAN PEAFOWL) (BLUE PEAFOWL).
LYC_PHACO LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - PHASIANUS COLCHICUS COLCHICUS (RING-NECKED PHEASANT).
LYC_PHAVE LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - PHASIANUS VERSICOLOR (GREEN PHEASANT).
LYC_PONPY LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - PONGO PYGMAEUS (ORANGUTAN).
LYC_PREEN LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - PRESBYTIS ENTELLUS (HANUMAN LANGUR), AND TRACHYPITHECUS VETULUS (PURPLE-FACED LANGUR).
LYC_PYGNE LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - PYGATHRIX NEMAEUS (DOVE LANGUR).
LYC_RABIT LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS (RABBIT).
LYC_SAGOE LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - SAGUINUS OEDIPUS (COTTON-TOP TAMARIN).
LYC_SAISC LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - SAIMIRI SCIUREUS (COMMON SQUIRREL MONKEY).
LYC_SHEEP LYSOZYME C 1A TO 4B (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - OVIS ARIES (SHEEP).
LYC_SYRRE LYSOZYME C (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - SYRMATICUS REEVESII (REEVES'S PHEASANT).
LYC_TRIVU LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA (BRUSH-TAILED POSSUM).
P87493 LYSOZYME C PRECURSOR - TRACHYPITHECUS FRANCOISI, AND TRACHYPITHECUS OBSCURUS.
Q06283 LYSOZYME - BOS TAURUS (BOVINE).
Q06284 LYSOZYME - BOS TAURUS (BOVINE).
Q06285 LYSOZYME - BOS TAURUS (BOVINE).
Q27996 LYSOZYME - BOS TAURUS (BOVINE).
Q29447 LYSOZYME PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (MURAMIDASE) - BOS TAURUS (BOVINE).
LCA_ORNAN ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - ORNITHORHYNCHUS ANATINUS (DUCKBILL PLATYPUS).
LYC1_TACAC LYSOZYME C I (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE C) - TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS ACULEATUS (AUSTRALIAN ECHIDNA).
LYC_ANOGA LYSOZYME PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - ANOPHELES GAMBIAE (AFRICAN MALARIA MOSQUITO).
LYSP_DROME LYSOZYME P PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLY).
O02418 LYSOZYME - ANOPHELES DARLINGI.
LYC_BOMMO LYSOZYME PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - BOMBYX MORI (SILK MOTH).
LYSA_DROME LYSOZYME A PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLY).
LYSB_DROME LYSOZYME B/C PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLY).
LYSD_DROME LYSOZYME D PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLY).
O75951 LYSOZYME HOMOLOG - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN).
LCAA_HORSE ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN A (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - EQUUS CABALLUS (HORSE).
LCAB_HORSE ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN B/C (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - EQUUS CABALLUS (HORSE).
LCA_BOVIN ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN PRECURSOR (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - BOS TAURUS (BOVINE).
LCA_CAPHI ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN PRECURSOR (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - CAPRA HIRCUS (GOAT).
LCA_EQUAS ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - EQUUS ASINUS (DONKEY).
LCA_HUMAN ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN PRECURSOR (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - HOMO SAPIENS (HUMAN).
LCA_MACEU ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN PRECURSOR (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - MACROPUS EUGENII (TAMMAR WALLABY).
LCA_MACRG ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - MACROPUS RUFOGRISEUS (RED-NECKED WALLABY).
LCA_MOUSE ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN PRECURSOR (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - MUS MUSCULUS (MOUSE).
LCA_PAPCY ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - PAPIO CYNOCEPHALUS (YELLOW BABOON).
LCA_PIG ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN PRECURSOR (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - SUS SCROFA (PIG).
LCA_RAT ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN PRECURSOR (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - RATTUS NORVEGICUS (RAT).
LCA_SHEEP ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN PRECURSOR (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - OVIS ARIES (SHEEP).
LCA_TRIVU ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN PRECURSOR (LACTOSE SYNTHASE B PROTEIN) - TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA (BRUSH-TAILED POSSUM).
LYC_HYACE LYSOZYME PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - HYALOPHORA CECROPIA (CECROPIA MOTH).
LYC_HYPCU LYSOZYME PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - HYPHANTRIA CUNEA (FALL WEBWORM).
LYSE_DROME LYSOZYME E PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLY).
LYSS_DROME LYSOZYME S PRECURSOR (EC 3.2.1.17) (1,4-BETA-N-ACETYLMURAMIDASE) - DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER (FRUIT FLY).
Q26363 LYSOZYME - MANDUCA SEXTA (TOBACCO HAWKMOTH) (TOBACCO HORNWORM).
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